Understanding the Architecture of the Bluetooth Low Energy Stack

Abstract

This article provides a deeper understanding of the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) stack architecture and how to use existing BLE applications to maximize the full potential of low power, wireless communications. This knowledge is essential to efficiently and reliably design, troubleshoot, and optimize applications.

Introduction Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a key technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) eco-system. While BLE was initially developed as a wireless protocol to replace cables in consumer products such as wireless keyboards, mice, and headsets, it has evolved into much more than just a cable replacement. It now plays a significant role in various industries, including medical, retail, and automotive, as well as industrial applications such as location tags and instrumentation control.

According to the 2023 Bluetooth Market Update, there is a 9% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for Bluetooth wireless technology-enabled device shipments from 2023 through 2027. 1 With this growth, BLE device shipments are expected to more than double, with 97% of all Bluetooth technology-enabled devices incorporating BLE by 2027.

BLE is a wireless technology that was introduced with the Bluetooth 4.0 specification in July 2010. Previously known as Bluetooth Smart, BLE is specifically designed for ultra low power devices.

While the traditional Bluetooth technology we are familiar with is used for tasks like pairing our smartphones with headsets and transferring large amounts of data such as music and photos, BLE serves a different purpose. Bluetooth is capable of handling larger data transfers but consumes more battery power as a result. In contrast, BLE is optimized for applications that do not require extensive data transfers, making it ideal for a wide range of power-sensitive applications. Unlike Bluetooth, which remains active and consumes power even when not in use, BLE spends most of its time in sleep mode. It only wakes up when a connection is initiated, and the connection time typically lasts for just a few milliseconds. This efficient power management, combined with data rates up to 1 Mbps or even 2 Mbps in BLE 5.0, allows BLE devices to operate with minimal power consumption.

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